Long-term intakes above the UL increase the risk of adverse health effects [2]. For these reasons, the RDA for zinc is higher for pregnant and lactating women than for other women (see Table 1) [2]. [, Wester PO. J Urol 2007;177:639-43. [, The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Zinc deficiency in women, infants and children. [, Prasad AS. Other zinc-finger proteins called steroid receptors bind both steroids such as progesterone and the progesterone gene DNA (Chapter 8). Zinc extraction is done in three steps. After an average follow-up period of 6.3 years, supplementation with antioxidants plus zinc (but not antioxidants alone) significantly reduced the risk of developing advanced AMD and reduced visual acuity loss. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45 (1 Suppl):S73-7. Pancreas 1994;9:270-4. Vegetarians sometimes require as much as 50% more of the RDA for zinc than non-vegetarians [2]. Zinc deficiency causes alterations in immune response that probably contribute to increased susceptibility to infections, such as those that cause diarrhea, especially in children [52]. Acta Med Scand 1980;208:209-12. Results from a large cross-sectional survey suggest that 44% of children with sickle cell disease have a low plasma zinc concentration [45], possibly due to increased nutrient requirements and/or poor nutritional status [46]. Taking the antibiotic at least 2 hours before or 4–6 hours after taking a zinc supplement minimizes this interaction [91]. Taking iron supplements between meals helps decrease its effect on zinc absorption [83]. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78 (3 Suppl):633S-9S. However, large amounts of supplemental iron (greater than 25 mg) might decrease zinc absorption [2,83]. [, Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Shankar AH, Merialdi M. Potential contribution of maternal zinc supplementation during pregnancy to maternal and child survival. Plasma zinc status, growth, and maturation in children with sickle cell disease. [, Lansdown AB, Mirastschijski U, Stubbs N, Scanlon E, Agren MS. Zinc in wound healing: theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States. FDA does not require food labels to list zinc content unless zinc has been added to the food. [, World Health Organization and United Nations Children Fund. In zinc deficient animals protein synthesis is disturbed. Zinc is also important to wound healing and your sense of taste and smell.With a varied diet, your body usually gets enough zinc. Altern Ther Health Med 2006;12:34-8. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. [, Ploysangam A, Falciglia GA, Brehm BJ. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:186-7. Zinc tests can also measure elevated serum zinc levels, although research suggests that this is of minimal clinical interest because it’s a rare occurrence. An analysis of NHANES III data found that 35%–45% of adults aged 60 years or older had zinc intakes below the estimated average requirement of 6.8 mg/day for elderly females and 9.4 mg/day for elderly males. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Zinc-induced copper deficiency: a report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examination. Clinicians consider risk factors (such as inadequate caloric intake, alcoholism, and digestive diseases) and symptoms of zinc deficiency (such as impaired growth in infants and children) when determining the need for zinc supplementation [2]. Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The body requires zinc to develop and activate T-lymphocytes [2,53]. Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. [, Prasad AS. Zinc is a common environmental contaminant, because it is sprayed on cars to prevent rust. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001273. The metals are generally found either bound directly to proteins or in cofactors such as porphyrins or cobalamins, or in clusters that are in turn bound by the protein; the ligands are usually O, N, S, or C. Proteins with which transition metals and zinc are most commonly associated catalyze the intramolecular or intermolecular rearrangement of electrons. [, Prasad AS. Severe zinc deficiency depresses immune function [51], and even mild to moderate degrees of zinc deficiency can impair macrophage and neutrophil functions, natural killer cell activity, and complement activity [52]. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Sandstead HH. Zinc Sulfate. Zinc is extracted from zinc blend mainly found in earth crust as source for zinc. Similar findings were reported in a meta-analysis published in 2008 and a 2007 review of zinc supplementation for preventing and treating diarrhea [66,67]. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:125-31. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances. Effect of weekly zinc supplements on incidence of pneumonia and diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years in an urban, low-income population in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a large, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (n = 3,597), evaluated the effect of high doses of selected antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, and 15 mg beta-carotene) with or without zinc (80 mg as zinc oxide) on the development of advanced AMD in older individuals with varying degrees of AMD [75]. [, Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. [, Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Aging (Milano) 1995;7:77-93. Nickel is a component of a hydrolase (urease), of hydrogenase, of CO dehydrogenase, and of S-methyl CoM reductase, which catalyzes the terminal step in methane production by methanogenic bacteria. In North America, overt zinc deficiency is uncommon [2]. Zinc is a common element in nucleic-acid polymerases and transcription factors, where its role is considered to be structural rather than catalytic. Zinc gluconate is used to treat and to prevent zinc deficiency. The results showed that MTF-1 has physiologic significance and can act as a repressor of ZIP10 under normal cellular levels of zinc. [, Maret W, Sandstead HH. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. Zinc supplementation significantly reduced visual acuity loss in one of the studies [81] but had no effect in the other [82]. Thiazide diuretics such as chlorthalidone (Hygroton®) and hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix® and HydroDIURIL®) increase urinary zinc excretion by as much as 60% [93]. Zinc is an important trace mineral that people need to stay healthy. [, Meydani SN, Barnett JB, Dallal GE, Fine BC, Jacques PF, Leka LS, et al. Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds. Reductions in a copper-containing enzyme, a marker of copper status, have been reported with even moderately high zinc intakes of approximately 60 mg/day for up to 10 weeks [2]. It is required for the catalytic activity of approximately 100 enzymes [1,2] and it plays a role in immune function [3,4], protein synthesis [4], wound healing [5], DNA synthesis [2,4], and cell division [4]. [, Nishi Y. Zinc and growth. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels and Serving Sizes of Foods That Can Reasonably Be Consumed at One Eating Occasion; Dual-Column Labeling; Updating, Modifying, and Establishing Certain Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed; Serving Size for Breath Mints; and Technical Amendments; Proposed Extension of Compliance Dates. Clinical effects of zinc deficiency can be present in the absence of abnormal laboratory indices [8]. Vanadium in a sea squirt (tunicate), a primitive vertebrate (Figure 1.2B), is concentrated in blood cells, apparently as the major cellular transition metal, but whether it participates in the transport of dioxygen (as iron and copper do) is not known. Zinc deficiency also affects approximately 60%–70% of adults with sickle cell disease [47]. A follow-up AREDS2 study confirmed the value of this supplement in reducing the progression of AMD over a median follow-up period of 5 years [78]. [, Lewis MR, Kokan L. Zinc gluconate: acute ingestion. Although the redox properties of the metals are important in many of the reactions, in others the metal appears to contribute to the structure of the active state, e.g., zinc in the Cu-Zn dismutases and some of the iron in the photosynthetic reaction center. Met Ions Biol Syst 2004;41:103-37. [, Hulisz D. Efficacy of zinc against common cold viruses: an overview. J Nutr 2007;137:1101-5. Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. The zinc present in the pancreas may aid in the storage of insulin. The effects of zinc supplementation on diarrhea in children with adequate zinc status, such as most children in the United States, are not clear. The World Health Organization and UNICEF now recommend short-term zinc supplementation (20 mg of zinc per day, or 10 mg for infants under 6 months, for 10–14 days) to treat acute childhood diarrhea [63]. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:340-4. Iron fortification programs have been credited with improving the iron status of millions of women, infants, and children. Bibl Nutr Dieta 1998;54:73-6. Zinc is relatively abundant in biological materials.8,9 The major location of zinc in the body is metallothionein, which also binds copper, chromium, mercury, and other metals. Am J Physiol 1997;272:E1002-7. [, Naber TH, van den Hamer CJ, Baadenhuysen H, Jansen JB. Recently a group of nucleic-acid binding proteins, with a repeated sequence containing the amino acids cysteine and histidine, were shown to bind as many as eleven zinc atoms necessary for protein function (transcribing DNA to RNA).10 Zinc plays a structural role, forming the peptide into multiple domains or "zinc fingers" by means of coordination to cysteine and histidine (Figure 1.2A See color plate section, page C-l.). Additional biological reactions are unique to nonferrous transition metals. Zinc supplementation has improved the growth rate in some children who demonstrate mild-to-moderate growth failure and who have a zinc deficiency [27,44]. 2009 Feb;5(2):106-11. When the investigators considered intakes from both food and dietary supplements, they found that 20%–25% of older adults still had inadequate zinc intakes [24]. Participants also received 2 mg copper to prevent the copper deficiency associated with high zinc intakes. They recommend use of an AREDS formulation providing 80 mg zinc [79,80]. Zinc also supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence [6-8] and is required for proper sense of taste and smell [9]. ZInc is also needed for cellular manufacture of proteins and genetic material, wound healing and the perception of taste and smell. A wide variety of foods contain zinc (Table 2) [2]. [, Ribar DS, Hamrick KS. Most infants (especially those who are formula fed), children, and adults in the United States consume recommended amounts of zinc according to two national surveys, the 1988–1991 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) [22] and the 1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (CSFII) [23]. In a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands, high dietary intake of zinc as well as beta carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E was associated with reduced risk of AMD in elderly subjects [76]. Additionally: Supports your immune system and metabolism function RD, Wang,. Sulfide mineral certain food preparation techniques that reduce the absorption of tetracycline and doxycycline in man about structure! Cold duration or severity of your cells basis should discuss their zinc.... Lukacik M, Reitner a, Lopez JM, Campo E, et al vegetarian.... Hospital admissions due to genitourinary complications caused by complement activation and toxin release healthcare... 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