They hold that the office of Imam - infallible religious guide - belongs exclusively to the descendents of Ali, the Prophet's son-in-law. It's made of gilded brass, and it's typical of the metal-working tradition that has evolved in Iran, and especially in Isfahan, where merchants and craftsman from India, the Near East and Europe met and traded. Who Was Shah Abbas? In 1739 Nadir Shah of Iran attacked the Mughal capital at Delhi, seizing many of the best Mughal paintings and manuscript illustrations. With the help of Chinese artisans, the artwork in the empire rose to a different level and decorations beautified the many mosques, palaces, and marketplaces. He killed his eldest son, Safi Mirza, and left his throne to his grandson. This Shi'a Iran of the Safavid shahs, sophisticated and cosmopolitan, prosperous and devout, is in many ways encapsulated in the object I'm looking at now. Shah Abbas strengthened the Safavid Empire by creating an effective, bureaucracy and a strong military. When Shah Abbas I came to power in 1588, he immediately began making plans to move the Safavid capital to Isfahan, a city in central Iran. Elsewhere on this alam are the names of ten other imams - all descended from Ali and all, like him, martyred. LOGIN TO POST ANSWER. By the time our alam was made, around 1700, this kind of muscular fervour had become a key element of Shi'a ceremonies. Get step-by-step explanations, verified by experts. And that's quite new, in terms of Iranian history. In order to revive the national economy, ‘Abbas courted foreign traders and made commercial agreements with several European nations. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda. First, by bringing the capital closer to the center of the empire and away from the Ottoman border, it safeguarded the court from the Turks. In nearly 14 years of constant warfare he drove the Uzbeks beyond the Oxus. But to be a strong man is not enough, in that community the people have got to know you as well, because it's sort of a tradition to give you admission.". Sword-like in form and name, and at first sight triumphalist and aggressive, it was in fact used in ceremonies to commemorate defeat, suffering and martyrdom. . This was a strategic move that accomplished two things. In this programme, I'll be exploring the situation in Iran through an 'alam' - a lavishly gilded ceremonial sword. Like the Ottomans, the Safavid Empire became a center for trade. Iran, around 1600, was led by a ruler of rare political nous, and even rarer religious pragmatism - Shah 'Abbas. In 1589, he took part in the assassination of the powerful minister (vakil) and kingmaker Morshed-Kholi Khan Ostaglu, who was secretly condemned to death by shah Abbas I. Draw Conclusions which were the important characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid, empires? Throughout this week we're thinking about the co-existence - peaceful or otherwise - of different faiths, and we have objects from India and Central America, Europe and Indonesia that embody one of the key concerns of the age - the political consequences of belief. This resulted in weak successors. Today we are in Iran, with the ruling Safavid Dynasty, and with a portable declaration of faith. (Haleh Afshar). This is a traditional ritual Iranian workout, and we're in a 'zurkaneh', a house of strength. The Safavid Dynasty came to power in 1501, and it established Shi'a Islam as the state religion of Iran, a position it has held ever since. Kashan carpets are one of the most important of the refined urban Persian carpets that are the direct legacy of the Golden Age of Persian Weaving of the reign of the famous patron of the arts, Shah Abbas, in the 16th and early 17th centuries.. There, I visited the Vakil Mosque, where flowers decorate the tiles. Introducing Textbook Solutions. He created two new armies that would be loyal to him alone. And we find their names on the alam here in the British Museum. The deal was simple. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. As a result, he was made sultan and a governor of Jorpadagan near Isfahan, the Safavid capital. Shah Abbas Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire Unfortunately, Jahangir's ambitions were not realized as Shah Abbas captured Qandahar from the Mughals in 1622, a few years after the execution of this painting. Alams were originally battle standards, designed to be carried like flags into the fight, but in seventeenth-century Iran they were used in great religious processions, and rallied not warriors, but the faithful. Shah of Iran from 1587-1629AD, he is remembered as one of the country’s most influential kings and a great military leader, ruling Iran at a time of political renewal, when it succeeded in positioning itself as a world power with a sharply defined national identity. Abbas also sent his armies south and subdued the provinces on the norther… Shah Abbas strengthened the Safavid Empire by creating an effective bureaucracy and a strong military. This led to retaliation of the Persians, led by Abbas II of Persia who reclaimed the territory after a few years. 1. I'm here in Isfahan, and this cathedral was built around 1600 by Shah 'Abbas I, the great king of early modern Iran. 'Shah Abbas: The Remaking of Iran’, in association with the Iran Heritage Foundation, is at the British Museum, London, from February 19 to June … Read more. We spoke to one of the elders of this Iranian community, Hossein Pourtahmasbi, an alam-carrier himself, about how the tradition continues today: "First of all you have to be a good weightlifter, because that's quite heavy, it sometimes goes up to one hundred kilograms. Shiites, then and now, are a minority in Islam. Many of the archetypal Persian carpet designs originated here. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. The Ottoman Empire took control of the, major routes between Europe, Asia, and Africa, resulting in Istanbul's rise as one of the greatest. One of the greatest rulers of his era, Shah Abbas the Great of Persia left an astounding cultural legacy, much of which still exists in modern day Iran. And with the arrival of the Safavids, who declared Shi'ism as the national religion of Iran, we then begin to have the establishment of a religious institution with a hierarchy, and one that has some kind of influence on policy. Ho… Steel alam, from Iran. [42] And the legacy of Shah 'Abbas's achievement can still be clearly seen in this programme's object, the alam, which was made around 1700. Shah Jahan and his sons successfully continued their military campaigns and captured the city of Kandahar in 1638 from the Safavids. The tolerant equilibrium of Shah 'Abbas was abandoned by his successors, and the last Safavid Shah, Husayn, was harshly intolerant of non-Shi'ites. Despite Iran's recent reputation for intolerance, the religious legacy of Shah 'Abbas is still evident in the country today. Relations with Europe were established, and as a result, industry and art flourished. Libby Purves meets actor Brian Cox and singer June Tabor. The area had been under attack by the Mongols, and there was considerable political unrest. Indeed, Ali is mentioned three times on this alam. The person for which the design was named was the Shah of the Safavid Dynasty in Persia who ruled from 1588 to 1629. It may have been this religious repression that contributed to his downfall. Shah Abbas reformed both the military and civilian aspects of life. Until then, the Safavid shahs were the temporary proxy for the hidden imam. By contrast, Sunni Muslims accepted the authority of the Caliph, who by the seventeenth century was the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul. There's the prophet Muhammad himself, his daughter, Fatima, and his son-in-law, Ali, and his grandsons, Hassan and Husain. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Service under Shah Abbas I. Isfahan became a centre for Islamic scholarship, and a place where the arts flourished. Intricate patterns were drawn on cartoons which the artists implemented into their weaving. Read more. . Alternative Title: Ê¿Abbās the Great Ê¿Abbās I, byname Ê¿Abbās the Great, (born Jan. 27, 1571—died Jan. 19, 1629), shah of Persia from 1588 to 1629, who strengthened the Safavid dynasty by expelling Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persian soil and by creating a standing army. The twelfth imam is said to have vanished in 873, and to be still in hiding - he will only be restored by God when it pleases him. Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires were Muslim empires that ruled over diverse, peoples. Men privileged to carry alams perform great feats of strength, and they need special training. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abbas-I-Safavid-shah-of-Persia/Legacy And yet they're borne by one man. He invited the world to visit his capital in Isfahan, welcoming Chinese envoys at the same time as hiring Englishmen as his advisors. We have over 1500 academic writers ready and waiting to help you achieve academic success. Identify Central Ideas How did Shah Abbas strengthen the Safavid Empire and leave a lasting legacy in Persia? The answer to that question in sixteenth and seventeenth century Iran was a definite YES. The state is of course officially Shi'a, but the Armenians still worship in their cathedral, and Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians are all free to practise their religion in public, their rights enshrined in the constitution. ... Shah Abbas I’s time. LOGIN TO VIEW ANSWER. They are the Shi'a Ali - the Party of Ali. During his reign he helped create a Safavid culture that drew from the best of the Ottoman, Persian and Arab worlds. He expanded his borders, and in the process he captured Armenian Christians, whom he relocated to Isfahan. A major exhibition on the life and legacy of the Safavid Emperor Shah Abbas I, who ruled Persia from 1587 – 1629, is on at the British Museum in London until 14 June 2009. Shah Abbas reformed the military and adopted modern artillery. In Iran, Shah ‘Abbas’ new capital of Isfahan was the breeding ground for a generation of artists specialized in single-page calligraphic compositions, paintings and drawings, often working in distinctive styles. With the help of the English adventurer Sir Robert Sherley, he carried out much-needed reforms of his army, establishing an élite cavalry corps which was comparable to the Turkish Janissaries, and his reign was a period when the stuggle went against the Ottomans. It combines opulence and greatness with suffering and humility." Shah Abbas made peace with the Ottomans and concentrated on fighting the Uzbeks and on pacifying the country. Sheila Canby, curator of the exhibition He was a man of some piety, making a barefoot pilgrimage from Isfahan to Mashhad – a distance of nearly 1,000 kilometers – after he reclaimed Mashhad in 1598 when the Safavids defeated the Uzbeks. The apogee of the dynasty was the reign (1587–1629) of Shah Abbas the Great. Armenian traders developed the highly profitable international trade in silks and textiles and, in return, Shah 'Abbas built them the Christian cathedral that I've just visited. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and amended Iran’s 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi. And also [in] the '79 revolution, again in the name of justice, which is a theme at the core of Shi'ism.". He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution. This seventeenth-century Iranian king is considered the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty (1501-1736), a time of cultural rebirth for Persia. But we're not in Tehran, we're in north-west London, where men are trained both physically and spiritually in the traditional religious sport of Shi'ism. In fact they were always in the process of contestation and on the margins. His fame is tarnished, however, by numerous deeds of tyranny and cruelty, particularly against his own family. which would become a thriving center of trade, arts, and learning. In 1722, the long Safavid era ended and Shah Husayn was overthrown. The legacy of his urban vision continued until his death in 1576 and is still visible today in the royal precinct. Abbas the Great or Abbas I of Persia (Persian: شاه عباس بزرگ ‎; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. In 1597–98, Isfahan became the new capital of Iran when Shah ‘Abbas I (r. 1587–1629) moved the Safavid government there as part of his larger plan to lift the country from the slump into which it had fallen. Before his rule, the Persian Empire was led by a Sufi leader who was against the adoption of Islam. The following day, I took a bus to Shiraz which in the 18th century was the country’s capital. And it is actually a process that has continued through the centuries, and the religious establishment very often has been at the forefronts of revolutions. He took advantage of the weakness of the Russians after the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584 and secured for Persia the provinces on three sides of the Caspian Sea whose rulers had been depending for protection upon the power of Russia. It's an interesting parallel to events in Tudor England, which became officially Protestant at roughly the same time as Iran became Shi'a. Both empires, despite their differences in their Muslim beliefs. Present day alams are sometimes enormous. In 1588, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a coup and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. It's about four feet (120 cm) high, and it was meant to be mounted on a long pole and carried high in procession through the streets. Shah Abbas the Great (1587-1629) continued this legacy. How did Shah Abbas strengthen the Safavid empire and leave a lasting legacy in Persia? And this points up the paradoxical nature of the British Museum's alam. Abbas also sent his armies south and subdued the provinces on the norther… Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. specifically in the silk trade. trading capitals of the world. As this alam was carried through the streets, the faithful would see the names of the Prophet, of his daughter Fatima, his son-in-law Ali and of the other imams. But I'm not standing in a Christian European city. The faithful are awaiting his return, and at that point the Shi'i dominion will be established on earth. Order an Essay Check Prices. Haleh Afshar, an Iranian-born academic, reflects on the position of Shi'ism in the life and politics of Iran over the centuries, and on its role in both the Constitutional Revolution of 1907 and the Islamic Revolution of 1979: "Well Shi'ism for centuries was the small part of Islam, which was very different, and a group which were not part of any establishment. Appointed as qurchibashi in 1612-13 CE, 'Isa Khan is mentioned by Iskandar Beg Munshi in the latter’s history of Shah 'Abbas. On the one hand, Abbas could be ruthless. These differing views led to bloody conflict, and a long tradition of martyred Shi'a imams. In the next programme, I shall be asking the same question as I asked at the beginning of this one - can a state hold more than one faith? And at the basis of that redrawing is one big question - can a state hold more than one faith? In nearly 14 years of constant warfare he drove the Uzbeks beyond the Oxus. Both, empires are often referred to as "gunpowder empires." Their success can be partially attributed to the new technology of gunpowder. I'm listening as the music rises in one of the world's great Christian cathedrals, past silver crucifixes and painted stories telling the narrative of biblical redemption. When Abbas died, his dominions reached from the Tigris to the Indus Riverin the Indian Sub-continent. No longer a single blade of metal, they are now often great structures, covered in decorated cloth, which can span a whole road's width. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. It was what preceded the king. It's the perfect place to start the question we're going to be looking at this week - how the world map of religion was re-drawn in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. And the people are either wrestlers or weight-lifters, and physically strong and well-known by that society. The years following Shah Tahmasb’s death in 1576 saw constant turmoil in the form of political elite and royal family members competing for succession to Safavid rule. The greatest of the Safavid monarchs, Shah Abbas I (1587–1629) came to power in 1587 aged 16 following the forced abdication of his father, Shah Muhammad Khudābanda, having survived Qizilbashi court intrigues and murders. reducing taxes, practicing tolerance toward non-Muslims, and building a new capital at Isfahan. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Afraid of a coup by his family (as he had done to his father), he locked them up in palaces in order to keep them without knowledge of the outside world. I shall be looking at how the Islamic monarchs of Mughal India contrived to rule a population that contained not just Muslims but Hindus, Sikhs and Jains. Words like this are now part of the physical and architectural fabric of Shi'a Isfahan. Behind the Headlines a Cultural Legacy Stands. BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. But however cosmopolitan the style and skill, this alam was made specifically for use in a Shi'a Muslim ceremony. The blade of the sword has been transformed into a filigree of words and pattern, and these words are effectively a declaration of Shi'a faith. In both countries, religion became a defining element of national identity, setting the nation apart from its hostile neighbours: Protestant England from Catholic Spain; Shi'a Iran from its Sunni neighbours, above all Turkey. Publication date 2011 Topics Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 1919-1980, Iran -- History -- Mohammad Reza ... English. And, to the sound of music, this is how they train. European travellers were astonished by this active religious tolerance, with Christians and Jews each given their own places of worship, peacefully accommodated within a Muslim state - a level of religious diversity unthinkable in Christian Europe at the time. By the late seventeenth century, when this alam was made, elaborate ceremonial processions, commemorating the deaths of the martyrs, featured chain-swinging flagellants, rhythmic movement, music and chanting. And the legacy of Shah 'Abbas's achievement can still be clearly seen in this programme's object, the alam, which was made around 1700. And over the 'mihrab', the central niche, which marks the direction of Mecca and where we should pray, are written the names of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of the house - that means the family of the Prophet. This heightened sense of justice perhaps has its roots in the very essence of Shi'ism - its focus on victims and martyrs. 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